What is a subpoena?

Subpoenas are legal orders to provide evidence.  There are two major types of subpoenas: (i) subpoenas that require someone to testify; and (ii) subpoenas that require someone to disclose evidence in their possession, such as documents.  These two types of...

What is spoliation?

Spoliation is when a party destroys or alters evidence that he was obligated to preserve.  In the United States, a party is usually obligated to preserve evidence if he can reasonably anticipate that there will be a civil litigation.  If a party spoliates...